A
prominent and influential government lawyer in Buenos Aires has come to the
remarkable conclusion that “Darwin is dead” because of the court case in the
Argentina city for rights for the orangutan Sandra.
Attorney
General of the city of Buenos Aires Julio Conte-Grand wrote an article on the
topic for the August 25 issue of the Argentina newspaper La Nacion.
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| Julio Conte-Grand signs papers |
Conte-Grand
argues that the real nail in the coffin of Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection
is the idea that an orangutan like Sandra should have the basic legal rights of
a “non-human person.”
I
am playing a role in this case after forming a committee with orangutan experts
Leif Cocks, president of The Orangutan Project, and Gary Shapiro, president of
the Orang Utan Republik, to write a report for the court on conditions for the
ethical treatment of Sandra. The report was submitted to the court by the
association of lawyers for animal rights called AFADA.
It
would be interesting to speculate what the motives are for the attorney general
to comment as he did on a case in progress. Whose interests does his article serve?
Certainly, it seems fair to conclude that the attorney general represents some popular
sentiment in Argentina that the case of Sandra is dangerous in some way. The
article would be a way of being seen to exert some public pressure on the
liberal-thinking judge in the case, Elena Amanda Liberatori, although the
article does not say explicitly that the judge may end up killing Darwin by her
decision.
Conte-Grand
recognizes the “popular” and “crude” version of the theory of evolution, or natural
selection, to be that “man descended from monkey.” Of course, that is a false
version of the science of the theory, and Conte-Grand is careful to hint that this
version is not trustworthy. And yet, at the same time, he is subtly or not so
subtly invoking an error to support his article. That is why we enjoy the skill
of lawyers. They are clever Homo sapiens.
Conte-Grand
says the court case of Sandra goes far beyond the need to protect Sandra from
cruelty, as though that is the limit of our ethical responsibility as human
beings. The ethical rule would thus be that we can kill other living beings for
whatever reason as long as we do it in a kind way. Should that really be the
limit of our ethics?
Giving
legal status to an orangutan would destroy the logic and science of natural
selection, says Conte-Grand. Although he does not state his argument clearly,
he is arguing that evolution is a process of developing from
"lower" to "higher" forms of life. In his argument, apes
are a "lower" form of life and humans a "higher" form and
his concept of ethics is built on this notion of going from "lower"
to "higher" forms of life. For him, an orangutan as a
legal “non-human person” would have basic rights that a human embryo does not.
A human at an early stage of development would thus be “less” than an orangutan
in “Darwinism in reverse,” Conte-Grand says.
The
argument makes serious errors in several ways. On a really basic level,
evolution does not make the distinction of “lower” and “higher” forms of life
in the way that human beings do. The elements that we value and distinguish as
higher and lower are really concepts developed by human beings, not nature. We
could also question whether a “higher” being would wage devastating wars,
create massive poverty and unleash the destructiveness of global climate
change.
But
the more serious error is that evolution is not a system of ethics and
evolution should not be used to make ethical decisions. For instance, evolution
would not tell us that it is wrong to eat other human beings. As the world gets
more and more crowded and resources dwindle through human wastefulness, the
machinery of evolution might favour eating the surplus human meat. But we would
say that is wrong and not ethical. And I suspect that Darwin would agree.
Presumably
the attorney general is not a vegetarian on ethical grounds, but eats meat, like
beef or chicken, maybe with gusto. And that is considered legal, because cows
and chickens are objects and property under the law. But does the attorney
general want Sandra to be legally an object and property which he can also eat?
I have trouble imagining Julio Conte-Grand with knife and fork ready to eat an
orangutan or chimpanzee steak because he believes there is nothing in evolution
that forbids him from doing that. The attorney general has strong values and
ethics that evolution does not have. We should be grateful for that.
So
what is the real reason for opposing a little more ethical treatment of Sandra?
It is the old argument that if you free women and slaves, then everybody who is
not a woman or a slave will lose. That was once a “crude” and “popular”
argument that carried weight.
Conte-Grand
ends his article by saying that Darwin and Newton are buried in Westminster
Abbey not far from each other and that they must be asking each other “what
they did wrong” if an orangutan is being considered for legal status as a
“non-human person.” It is not clear why the attorney general is dragging Newton
into the discussion, although Newton had fascinating interests in the occult,
alchemy and the apocalypse, predicting the world would not end until at least
2060, which may be foresight into the effects of our self-inflicted global
climate change.
As
for Darwin, his theory of evolution may owe a debt to orangutans. After Darwin
returned to England from his voyage around the world and began years of
thinking about his theory, he encountered his first ape, an orangutan named
Jenny, in the zoo in London in March 1838. Darwin wrote in his notebook at the
time about how the behaviour of Jenny started him thinking about a nonhuman
person. Jenny was dressed in human clothes in drawings of the time. Darwin
played a harmonica in front of Jenny and gave her peppermint candy to see if
she reacted like a human being. He watched how she reacted to seeing herself in
a mirror. Darwin was intrigued by the similarities of thought and emotion in
his orangutan and human beings, later writing the book The Expression of The Emotions in Man and Animals.
How
should we interpret Conte-Grand’s strange anxiety about orangutans,
particularly since there is really not a significant population of orangutans
in Argentina to worry about? I would say that it is always interesting how Homo
sapiens feel threatened by the idea that an intelligent fellow species of
primate might deserve a few legal rights, such as the right to life and liberty
and freedom from harm by human beings. But would the stability of meat-eating
Argentina really be undermined if Sandra had a few more rights?
The
case of Sandra in Buenos Aires seems to have touched a nerve, based on this
outburst by the attorney general in La Nacion. All I would say to Sandra is, “Don’t
give up hope yet that the legal system is stronger in the end than human
self-interest.” That is why we created the legal system, to protect us from
ourselves. Too bad we can’t do that with global climate change.
Here is the link to the original story in Spanish: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1821935-darwin-ha-muerto
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